Component-Driven 2D & 3D Vector Algebra, Trigonometry & Physical Applications
Multiplies a vector by a real number (scalar). Changes magnitude; reverses direction if k < 0.
Type of Result: 2D/3D Vector
Physical Example: p⃗ = m v⃗ (Momentum) or F⃗ = m a⃗
Measures how much A⃗ and B⃗ point along each other: |A||B| cos θ.
Type of Result: Scalar Quantity
Physical Example: Work W = F⃗ · s⃗, Electric Flux Φ = E⃗ · A⃗
Measures perpendicularity & rotational effect: |A||B| sin θ n̂.
Type of Result: Vector ⊥ to Plane
Physical Example: Torque τ⃗ = r⃗ × F⃗, Magnetic Force F⃗ = q(v⃗ × B⃗)